ABSTRACT: This study aims to demonstrate, through a clinical case report, the applicability of the use of microtomography (µCT) in the histopathological evaluation of a ranula lesion on the oral floor and to evaluate the use of 2 % elemental iodine solution as a contrast agent, in order to obtain a better contrast effect in a tissue sample, thus facilitating the identificat ion of anatomical structures, the histomorphological evaluation and the potential use of µCT in the imaging diagnosis of lesions. Different parameters were evaluated for obtaining images in SkyScan 1172, in a biopsied piece, when impregnated in a 10 % formalin solution and in a 2 % elemental iodine solution, when impregnated for 24h and 48h. Contrast agent impregnation was evaluated using the Hounsfield unit. The use of µCT allowed the identification of sialoliths dispersed inside the biopsy specimen, while the impregnation with Elemental iodine 2 % for 24h resulted in a better contrast when compared to the other conditions. The use of the Hounsfield unit allowed an adequate evaluation of the contrast obtained when the different parameters of impregnation and image acquisition were applied. The comparison between the 3D images with and without a specific marker highlighted a better evidencing of the soft tissues, with an improvement in the contrast of the images, also allowing the ident ification of the glandular duct obstructed by the sialoliths, allowing a conclusive histopathological evaluation of the biopsied lesion.

RESUMEN: Este estudio tiene como objetivo demostrar, a través de un reporte de caso clínico, la aplicabilidad del uso de la microtomografía (µCT) en la evaluación histopatológica de una lesión de ránula en el piso de la cavidad oral y evaluar el uso de solución de yodo elemental al 2 % como agente de contraste, con el fin de obtener un mejor efecto de contraste en una muestra de tejido, facilitando así la identificación de estructuras anatómicas, la evaluación histomorfológica y el potencial uso de µCT en el diagnóstico por imágenes de lesiones. Se evaluaron diferentes parámetros para la obtención de imágenes en SkyScan 1172, en una pieza biopsiada, cuando se impregna en una solución de formalina al 10 % y en una solución de yodo elemental al 2 %, durante 24 h y 48 h. La impregnación del agente de contraste se evaluó utilizando la unidad Hounsfield. El uso de µCT permitió la identificación de sialolitos dispersos dentro de la muestra de la biopsia, mientras que la impregnación con Yodo Elemental al 2 % durante 24 h resultó en un mejor contraste en comparación con las otras condiciones. El uso de la unidad Hounsfield permitió una adecuada evaluación del contraste obtenido cuando se aplicaron los diferentes parámetros de impregnación y adquisición de imágenes. La comparación entre las imágenes 3D con y sin marcador específico destacó una mejor evidenciación de los tejidos blandos, con una mejora en el contraste de las imágenes, permitiendo además identificar el conducto glandular obstruido por los sialolitos, permitiendo una evaluación histopatológica concluyente de la lesión sometida a biopsia.

RESUMO A regeneração óssea guiada visa o ganho de volume ósseo vertical e horizontal em rebordos atróficos, sendo utilizadas diferentes técnicas regenerativas associadas a biomateriais, podendo apresentar ocasionais complicações pós-cirúrgicas. O objetivo do relato de caso foi descrever as sucessivas abordagens para minimizar e eliminar as complicações apresentadas no pós-operatório de paciente submetida à técnica de regeneração óssea guiada. Na primeira cirurgia foi utilizada a membrana de politetrafluoretileno expandido denso (PTFE-d), suportada pela técnica da tenda e enxerto plaquetário autógeno, para realizar a técnica de regeneração óssea guiada. Após três meses, constatou-se a exposição da membrana, sendo removida a membrana e os parafusos de contenção no sétimo mês, com instalação de três implantes Hexágono Interno nas áreas dos dentes 13, 14 e 15. As roscas expostas foram recobertas com as hidroxiapatitas reabsorvíeis e recobertas com membrana PTFE-d. A radiografia panorâmica pós-operatória de quatro meses sugeriu osseointegração dos implantes. A técnica de regeneração óssea guiada associada à membrana de PTFE-d possibilitou a neoformação óssea propiciando a instalação de implantes osseointegrados em posição estética e funcional. A exposição das bordas da membrana permitiu a penetração de fluídos e contaminação, sugerindo o agravamento dos sinais de infecção e secreção purulenta. Ao contrário, a exposição de áreas centrais, não acarretou sinais inflamatórios e infecciosos.

ABSTRACT Guided bone regeneration aims to gain vertical and horizontal bone volume in atrophic ridges, using different regenerative techniques associated with biomaterials, with occasional post-surgical complications. The objective of the case report was to describe the successive approaches to minimize and eliminate the complications presented in the postoperative period of a patient submitted to the guided bone regeneration technique. In the first surgery, the dense expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membrane (d-PTFE), supported by the tent technique and autogenous platelet graft, was used to perform the guided bone regeneration technique. After three months, the membrane was exposed, with the membrane and the retaining screws removed in the seventh month, with the installation of three Internal Hexagon implants in the areas of teeth 13, 14 and 15. The exposed threads were covered with hydroxyapatites resorbable and covered with d-PTFE membrane. A four-month postoperative panoramic radiograph suggested implant osseointegration. The guided bone regeneration technique associated with the d-PTFE membrane enabled bone neoformation, enabling the installation of osseointegrated implants in an aesthetic and functional position. The exposure of the edges of the membrane allowed the penetration of fluids and contamination, suggesting the worsening of the signs of infection and purulent secretion. On the contrary, the exposure of central areas did not cause inflammatory and infectious signs.

Abstract Background: The VI Brazilian Consensus on Autoantibodies against HEp-2 cells for determination of autoantibodies against cellular constituents on HEp-2 cells was held on September, 2019, in Fortaleza (CE, Brazil). The guidelines in this edition were formulated by the group of Brazilian experts discussing the classification of complex patterns, the classification of the nuclear discrete dots (few and multiple), the identification of the discrete fine speckled pattern (AC-4a) and improvements on the ANA report. Mainbody: Sixteen Brazilian researchers and experts from universities and clinical laboratories representing the various geographical regions of Brazil participated in the meeting. Four main topics were discussed: (1) How to classify patterns with fluorescence in more than one cell compartment considering three relevant categoris: composite patterns, mixed patterns and multiple patterns; (2) The splitting of the discrete nuclear dots pattern into the multiple discrete nuclear dots (AC-6) and few discrete nuclear dots (AC-7) patterns, respectively; (3) Inclusion of a novel nuclear pattern characterized by discrete fine speckled pattern highly associated with antibodies to SS-A/Ro60, classified as AC-4a. In addition, adjustments on the Brazilian Consensus nomenclature were implemented aiming to harmonize the designation of some patterns with the International Consensus on ANA Patterns (ICAP). Furthermore, the designations of the PCNA-like pattern (AC-13), CENP-F-like pattern (AC-14) and Topo I-like pattern (AC-29) were adjusted in accordance to ICAP. Finally, there was a recommendation for adjustment in the test report in order to address the status of nuclear envelope staining. For all topics, the aim was to establish specific guidelines for laboratories and clinicians. All recommendations were based on consensus among participants. All recommendations from the V Consensus were maintained and there was relevant progress in the BCA/HEp-2 guidelines and further harmonization with ICAP. Conclusion: The VI BCA/HEp-2 edition was successful in establishing important recommendations regarding the classification of complex patterns, in supporting the identification of a novel pattern within the AC-4 group and in the harmonization process with the ICAP terminology.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Avaliar a mortalidade por áreas de Belo Horizonte (BH) durante a pandemia de COVID-19 conforme a vulnerabilidade social, visando a uma estratégia de vacinação. Métodos: Estudo ecológico com análise de mortalidade, segundo setores censitários classificados pelo índice de vulnerabilidade da saúde, composto de indicadores de saneamento e socioeconômicos. Óbitos por causas naturais e COVID-19 foram obtidos do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade, entre a 10ª e a 43ª semanas epidemiológicas (SE) de 2020. Calculou-se o excesso de mortalidade por modelo de série temporal, considerando-se as mortes observadas por SE entre 2015 e 2019, por setor censitário. Taxas de mortalidade (TM) foram calculadas e padronizadas por idade com base em estimativas populacionais do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Resultados: Houve 16,1% (n = 1.524) de excesso de mortalidade em BH: 11, 18,8 e 17,3% nas áreas de baixa, média e elevada vulnerabilidade, respectivamente. As diferenças entre TM observadas e esperadas por causas naturais, padronizadas por idade, foi igual a 59/100 mil habitantes em BH, aumentando de 31 para 77 e 95/100 mil, nas áreas de baixa, média e elevada vulnerabilidade, respectivamente. Houve gradiente de aumento com a idade nas TM por COVID-19, variando de 4 a 611/100 mil habitantes entre as idades de 20-39 anos e 75+ anos. A TM por COVID-19 por 100 mil idosos (60+ anos) foi igual a 292, aumentando de 179 para 354 e 476 nos setores de baixa, média e elevada vulnerabilidade, respectivamente. Conclusão: Desigualdades na mortalidade, mesmo entre idosos, aliadas à baixa oferta de doses, demonstram a importância de priorizar áreas socialmente vulneráveis durante a vacinação contra COVID-19.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To assess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic according to social vulnerability by areas of Belo Horizonte (BH), aiming at strategies for vaccination. Methods: Ecological study with mortality analysis according to census tracts classified by the Health Vulnerability Index, a composite indicator that includes socioeconomic and sanitation variables. Deaths by natural causes and by COVID-19 were obtained from the “Mortality Information System”, between the 10th and 43rd epidemiological weeks (EW) of 2020. Excess mortality was calculated in a time series model, considering observed and expected deaths per EW, between 2015 and 2019, per census tracts. Mortality rates (MR) were calculated and age-standardized using population estimates from the 2010 census, by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). Results: Excess mortality in BH was 16.1% (n = 1,524): 11, 18.8 and 17.3% in low, intermediate and high vulnerability areas, respectively. The differences between observed and expected age-standardized MR by natural causes were equal to 59/100,000 inhabitants in BH, increasing from 31 to 77 and 95/100,000 inhabitants in the areas of low, intermediate and high vulnerability, respectively. There was an aging gradient in MR by COVID-19, ranging from 4 to 611/100,000 inhabitants among individuals aged 20-39 years and 75+ years. The COVID-19 MR per 100,000 older adults (60+ years) was 292 in BH, increasing from 179 to 354 and 476, in low, intermediate and high vulnerability areas, respectively. Conclusion: Inequalities in mortality, particularly among older adults, combined with the limited supply of doses, demonstrate the importance of prioritizing socially vulnerable areas during vaccination against COVID-19.

RESUMO: Objetivo: Avaliar a mortalidade por áreas de Belo Horizonte (BH) durante a pandemia de COVID-19 conforme a vulnerabilidade social, visando a uma estratégia de vacinação. Métodos: Estudo ecológico com análise de mortalidade, segundo setores censitários classificados pelo índice de vulnerabilidade da saúde, composto de indicadores de saneamento e socioeconômicos. Óbitos por causas naturais e COVID-19 foram obtidos do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade, entre a 10ª e a 43ª semanas epidemiológicas (SE) de 2020. Calculou-se o excesso de mortalidade por modelo de série temporal, considerando-se as mortes observadas por SE entre 2015 e 2019, por setor censitário. Taxas de mortalidade (TM) foram calculadas e padronizadas por idade com base em estimativas populacionais do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). Resultados: Houve 16,1% (n = 1.524) de excesso de mortalidade em BH: 11, 18,8 e 17,3% nas áreas de baixa, média e elevada vulnerabilidade, respectivamente. As diferenças entre TM observadas e esperadas por causas naturais, padronizadas por idade, foi igual a 59/100 mil habitantes em BH, aumentando de 31 para 77 e 95/100 mil, nas áreas de baixa, média e elevada vulnerabilidade, respectivamente. Houve gradiente de aumento com a idade nas TM por COVID-19, variando de 4 a 611/100 mil habitantes entre as idades de 20-39 anos e 75+ anos. A TM por COVID-19 por 100 mil idosos (60+ anos) foi igual a 292, aumentando de 179 para 354 e 476 nos setores de baixa, média e elevada vulnerabilidade, respectivamente. Conclusão: Desigualdades na mortalidade, mesmo entre idosos, aliadas à baixa oferta de doses, demonstram a importância de priorizar áreas socialmente vulneráveis durante a vacinação contra COVID-19.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To assess mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic according to social vulnerability by areas of Belo Horizonte (BH), aiming at strategies for vaccination. Methods: Ecological study with mortality analysis according to census tracts classified by the Health Vulnerability Index, a composite indicator that includes socioeconomic and sanitation variables. Deaths by natural causes and by COVID-19 were obtained from the “Mortality Information System”, between the 10th and 43rd epidemiological weeks (EW) of 2020. Excess mortality was calculated in a time series model, considering observed and expected deaths per EW, between 2015 and 2019, per census tracts. Mortality rates (MR) were calculated and age-standardized using population estimates from the 2010 census, by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE). Results: Excess mortality in BH was 16.1% (n = 1,524): 11, 18.8 and 17.3% in low, intermediate and high vulnerability areas, respectively. The differences between observed and expected age-standardized MR by natural causes were equal to 59/100,000 inhabitants in BH, increasing from 31 to 77 and 95/100,000 inhabitants in the areas of low, intermediate and high vulnerability, respectively. There was an aging gradient in MR by COVID-19, ranging from 4 to 611/100,000 inhabitants among individuals aged 20-39 years and 75+ years. The COVID-19 MR per 100,000 older adults (60+ years) was 292 in BH, increasing from 179 to 354 and 476, in low, intermediate and high vulnerability areas, respectively. Conclusion: Inequalities in mortality, particularly among older adults, combined with the limited supply of doses, demonstrate the importance of prioritizing socially vulnerable areas during vaccination against COVID-19.

ABSTRACT New techniques for manufacturing of biomaterials using additive/substrate manufacturing such as melting laser sintering (SLM) or CAD/CAM milling use micrometric metal powders to build custom parts. CoCrMo alloys are commonly used as biomaterials due to biocompatibility, high corrosion resistance and good mechanical properties. In this work, Cr-Co-based powder was obtained by mechanical alloying of Cr-Co-Mo-W alloy, using different Ball/Powder-Ratios (BPR) and thermal treatments. The powders were deagglomerated and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Based on SEM micrographs, the particle size analysis was used to compare the particles spheroidizing degree, using Feret’s diameter. The XRD patterns shown Co(solid-solution) as crystalline phase. The results of particles size indicates a decrease of Feret’s diameter in BPR (Ball/Powder-Ratio) from 4:1 to 6:1 understanding that from this ratio there is no significant decrease of this relation but there is an average size increase with losses in morphological aspect. The comparison between atomized powders and powder developed in this work indicates that atomized products present relation close to one which indicates there is uniformity in the particles spherical shape. Comparing ground powders from 6:1 ratio (before and after thermal treatment) there is a considerable decrease of Feret’s diameter being it decreased from 1.75 to 1.4, an increase of about 46% in particles spheroidizing.

ABSTRACT: The pigmented lesions of the oral cavity may be endogenous or exogenous. Endogenous lesions are benign and usually caused by melanin, and they are called gingival melanin pigmentations. Among the options for depigmenting these areas, laser therapy stands out for being a minimally invasive procedure. This study aims to report a clinical case of the gingival depigmentation technique using a high-power diode laser in the anterior maxillary region, for the ablation of the pigmented tissue to improve gingival aesthetics. The patient had an aesthetic complaint of the darkened aspect of the gingiva in the anterior maxillary and mandibular portions. After local anesthesia, we started depigmentation with high-power diode laser and performed ablation from the attached gingiva toward the free marginal gingiva. The patient returned after 30 and 180 days presenting healthy gingiva and absence of melanin repigmentation. Thus, we concluded that the diode laser was a good alternative for melanin depigmentation because it is a procedure with lower morbidity and satisfactory postoperative results.

RESUMEN: Las lesiones pigmentadas de la cavidad oral pueden ser endógenas o exógenas. Las endógenas son benignas y generalmente causadas por la melanina, denominándose pigmentaciones melánicas gingivales. Entre las opciones para la despigmentación de estas regiones, se destaca la laserterapia, por ser un procedimiento poco invasivo. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo relatar un caso clínico de la técnica de despigmentación gingival utilizando láser de diodo de alta intensidad en la región anterior de los maxilares para ablación del tejido pigmentado con la finalidad de mejorar la estética gingival. El paciente presentaba como queja estética el aspecto oscurecido de la encía en la región anterior de la maxila y de la mandíbula. Tras aplicar anestesia local, se inició la despigmentación con láser de diodo de alta intensidad, siendo que la ablación se realizó a partir de la encía insertada hacia la encía marginal libre. El paciente regresó tras 30 y 180 días, presentando encía saludable y con ausencia de repigmentación melánica. Así fue posible concluir que el láser de diodo mostró ser una buena alternativa para la despigmentación melánica, ya que se presentó como un procedimiento con menor morbidad y buen resultado postoperatorio.

Abstract During the ontogenetic development of crustaceans, the relative growth of some structures may change, especially during the transition from juvenile to adult. This study describes the relative growth of body structures of Macrobrachium iheringi, and provides information on its population dynamics, such as structure, fecundity, and morphological sexual maturity. The sampling of M. iheringi was carried out in “Ribeirão da Hortelã”, in Botucatu (SP, Brazil). The length of the carapace (CL), abdomen (AL), and ischium (IL), merus (ML), carpus (CrL), propodus (PpL), and dactyl (DcL) of the second right pereopod were measured. In addition, the width of the second abdominal pleura (PW) and propodus height (PpH) were included in analyses. The relationships that best demonstrated the changes in the allometric coefficient were CL vs PpL in males and females. The CL, in which males and females reach morphological sexual maturity, was estimated as 13.3 mm and 11.1 mm, respectively. The sex-ratio differed from the expected 1:1 and was skewed towards females. Precipitation and temperature influenced the abundance of different demographic classes. Macrobrachium iheringi has few but large eggs, which is expected since this species has an abbreviated larval development. Based on these results, we conclude that the propodus are good indicators of the size at onset of morphological sexual maturity. In addition, important information was obtained on the biology of M. iheringi, including its life cycle pattern, reproduction and influence of abiotic factors.

Abstract Background: The V Brazilian Consensus for determination of autoantibodies against cellular constituents on HEp-2 cells, held in Brasilia (DF, Brazil) on August 27, 2016, discussed the harmonization between the Brazilian Consensus on ANA (BCA) guidelines and the International Consensus on ANA Patterns (ICAP) recommendations (www.anapatterns.org). Initial guidelines were formulated by the group of Brazilian experts with the purpose of guiding and enabling Brazilian clinical laboratories to adopt recommendations and to provide a common standard for national and international consensuses. Mainbody: Twenty Brazilian researchers and experts from universities and clinical laboratories representing the various geographical regions of the country participated in the meeting. Three main topics were discussed, namely the harmonization between the BCA guidelines and latest recommendations of the ICAP initiative, the adjustment of the terminology and report on HEp-2 patterns, and a reassessment of quality assurance parameters. For the three topics, our aim was to establish specific guidelines. All recommendations were based on consensus among participants. There was concrete progress in the adjustment of the BCA guidelines to match the ICAP guidelines. To a certain extent, this derives from the fact that ICAP recommendations were largely based on the algorithm and recommendations of the IV Brazilian ANA Consensus, as consistently recognized in the ICAP publications and presentations. However, although there is great overlap between the two Consensuses, there are some point divergences. These specific items were individually and extensively discussed, and it was acknowledged that in several points ICAP improved recommendations previously issued by the Brazilian ANA Consensus and these changes were readily implemented. Regarding some specific topics, the BCA panel of experts felt that the previously issued recommendations remained relevant and possibly will require further discussion with ICAP. The term anti-cell antibodies was adopted as the recommended designation, recognizing that the assay addresses antibodies against antigens in the nucleus and in other cell compartments. However, the acronym ANA HEp-2 was maintained due to historical and regulatory reasons. It was also signalized that the latest trend in ICAP is to adopt the term Indirect Immunofluorescent Assay on HEp-2 cell substrate (HEp-2 IIFA). In addition, the quality assurance strategies previously presented were ratified and emphasized. Conclusion: The V BCA edition was successful in establishing an overall harmonization with the ICAP recommendations for interpretation of the HEp-2 IIFA test, pinpointing the perspectives in filling the remaining gaps between both initiatives.

O uso de substâncias húmicas, aminoácidos e extrato de algas marinhas pode contribuir para o aumento da eficiência fotossintética e metabólica da cana, com reflexos na produtividade e qualidade industrial. Neste trabalho estudou-se o efeito da aplicação foliar de dois produtos comerciais contendo substâncias húmicas, aminoácidos e extrato de algas marinhas, sobre a eficiência nutricional, qualidade industrial e a produtividade de colmos da variedade de cana RB867515. O estudo foi conduzido em dois talhões de 10,0 hectares cada, sendo que um talhão recebeu a aplicação dos produtos e o outro não (testemunha). Os produtos comerciais nas doses de 4,0 litros e 5,0 Kg por hectare foram aplicados sobre a folhagem da rebrota sessenta dias após o corte da cana-planta, ocasião em que as plantas apresentavam altura média de cerca de 80 cm. Dez meses após a aplicação dos produtos foram colhidas dez amostras em cada talhão para avaliar a qualidade industrial e a produção de açúcares. A aplicação dos produtos não influenciou a eficiência nutricional e a qualidade industrial, mas aumentou substancialmente a produtividade de colmos, uma vez que a produtividade média do talhão testemunha foi de 126,8 kg ha-1, enquanto que a do talhão que recebeu a aplicação dos produtos foi de 166,3 kg ha-1.

The use of humic substances, amino acids and marine algae extract can help in increasing sugarcane photosynthetic and metabolic efficiency, with effects on productivity and industrial quality. In this study it was evaluated the effect of the foliar feeding of two commercial products containing humic substances, amino acids and marine algae extract, on the nutritional efficiency, industrial quality, and yield of RB867515 variety sugarcane. It was conducted in two 10.0 ha fields, with the products applied in one field and not in the other (control). The commercial products were applied in 4.0 l and 5.0 kg doses per hectare to re-growth foliage sixty days after cutting the cane-plant when the plants presented an average height of 80 cm. Ten months after applying the products, ten samples were collected from each field to assess the juice quality and sugar production. Applying the products did not influence nutritional efficiency and industrial quality, but did increase stem productivity, since the average for the control field was 126.8 kg ha-1, whereas for the field where the products were applied it was 166.3 kg ha-1.

RESUMO. O alto consumo de água na agricultura irrigada e falta de fontes alternativas de água tornar a reutilização da água de esgoto uma opção altamente promissora nesta atividade. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o rendimento e a qualidade da forrageira Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu fertirrigada com águas residuais de efluente de esgoto tratado (EET) e fertilizante mineral, nos anos de 2013 e 2014, em Jaboticabal, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. A lâmina homogênea da água foi aplicada por um sistema de irrigação por aspersão em linha tripla, mas sob aplicação gradual EET, usando os seguintes EET e água proporções: E5 = 1,0; E4 = 0,87; E3 = 0,6; E2 = 0,31, E1 = 0,11 e E0 = 0,0. O rendimento anual de biomassa aumentou com aplicação EET, variando 31,3-47,4 Mg ha-1 em 2013 e 25,7-56,9 Mg ha-1 em 2014, para E1 e E5, respectivamente. Houve sazonalidade na produção de forrageira, com os valores mais elevados no verão (35,9 a 44,7%) e primavera (35,7 a 38,4%) e as mais baixas durante a temporada de outono-inverno (19,6 a 25,7%). Apesar das altas doses de nitrogênio (1.132 kg ha-1), o rendimento máximo de forragem não foi alcançado, de modo que novos aumentos de nitrogênio ainda possam melhorar o rendimento. As baixas produtividades no outono-inverno foram compensadas pela melhor qualidade da forrageira em proteína bruta (PB) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN).

ABSTRACT. The high consumption of water in irrigated agriculture and lack of alternative water sources make reusing sewage water a highly promising option for irrigation. This paper is aimed at evaluating Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu forage quality and yield when fertigated with treated sewage wastewater (TSW) and mineral fertilizer, in the 2013 and 2014 crop years in Jaboticabal, São Paulo State, Brazil. A homogeneous water depth was applied using a triple-line sprinkling irrigation system under a gradual TSW application, using the following TSW and water ratios: E5 = 1.0; E4 = 0.87; E3 = 0.6; E2 = 0.31, E1 = 0.11, and E0 = 0.0. Annual biomass yield increased with the TSW application, ranging from 31.3 to 47.4 Mg ha-1 in 2013 and from 25.7 to 56.9 Mg ha-1 in 2014, for E1 and E5, respectively. Forage yield had marked seasonality, with the highest values in summer (35.9 to 44.7%) and spring (35.7 to 38.4%) and the lowest ones during the fall-winter seasons (19.6 to 25.7%). Despite the high nitrogen rates (1,132 kg ha-1), maximum forage yield was not achieved, hence further nitrogen increments would still enhance yield. Forage improved quality has counterbalanced the low fall-winter yields in terms of crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF).

RESUMO: Avaliou-se o efeito da inclusão da silagem da raiz de mandioca sobre os parâmetros ruminais e o balanço de compostos nitrogenados em bovinos de origem leiteira. Utilizou-se cinco animais, canulados no rúmen, não lactantes e com peso corporal médio de 389 kg. Os animais foram distribuídos em um quadrado latino cinco x cinco, sendo cinco dietas com níveis de inclusão (0,00; 3,62; 7,23; 10,84; e 14,54% da matéria seca da dieta) da silagem da raiz de mandioca e cinco períodos. Cada período constituiu-se em 10 dias de adaptação e cinco dias para a coleta dos dados. As excreções de nitrogênio na urina e nas fezes não foram influenciadas (P>0,05) pela inclusão da silagem da raiz de mandioca nas dietas. O consumo de nitrogênio total (CNT) e o balanço de nitrogênio (BN) apresentaram comportamento quadrático e linear crescente, respectivamente. Obteve-se o menor CNT (142,14 g/dia) no nível de inclusão de 5,82% de silagem da raiz de mandioca. As concentrações de ureia (U) e de nitrogênio ureico (NU) na urina e no plasma não modificaram (P>0,05). Observou-se comportamento quadrático (P<0,05) nas excreções de U e NU na urina, com ponto de mínimo de 131,13 e 61,20 g/dia, respectivamente, no nível de 7,27% de inclusão da silagem da raiz de mandioca. Não houve interação (P>0,05) entre os níveis da silagem da raiz de mandioca e o tempo de coleta do conteúdo ruminal para os ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, o pH e o nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3). Apenas o teor de N-NH3 apresentou comportamento quadrático, em função dos níveis de inclusão, obtendo-se o ponto mínimo (12,62 mg/100 mL de conteúdo ruminal) no nível de 5,98%. O nível de 7,23% de silagem da raiz de mandioca na dieta foi mais eficiente na utilização dos compostos nitrogenados. As dietas contribuem de forma semelhante para a produção dos ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, sem interferir no pH ruminal.

ABSTRACT: The effect of inclusion of cassava root silage on ruminal parameters and nitrogenous compounds in dairy cattle was evaluated. Five cattle cannulated in the rumen and with average body weight of 389 kg were distributed into a Latin square 5x5, with five levels of inclusion (0.00, 3.62, 7.23, 10.84 and 14.54% of the diet dry matter) of cassava root silage and five periods (10 days for adaptation and five days for data collection). The nitrogen excretion in urine and feces were not affected (P>0.05) by inclusion of cassava root silage in the diet. The total nitrogen intake (CNT) and nitrogen balance (NB) showed an increasing quadratic and linear behavior, respectively. The lowest CNT (142.14g/day) was obtained with the inclusion of 5.82% silage cassava root. The concentration of urea (U) and urea nitrogen (UN) in plasma and urine did not change (P>0.05). There was a quadratic behavior (P<0.05) in excreta of U and NU in the urine, with minimum point of 131.13 and 61.20g/day respectively, at the level of 7.27% inclusion of the cassava root silage. No interaction (P>0.05) was between the levels of cassava root silage and the collection time of rumen contents for the short-chain fatty acids, pH and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N). Only the N-NH3 protein showed quadratic behavior, according to the inclusion levels, with the minimum point (12.62mg/100ml of rumen contents) at the level of 5.98%. The level of 7.23% of cassava root silage in the diet was more efficient with the use of nitrogen compounds. The diets contribute similarly to the production of short chain fatty acids, without disturbing the rumen pH.

Resumo Os novos materiais restauradores em desenvolvimento devem evitar danos aos tecidos dentários. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a biocompatibilidade de uma marca comercial de cimento de ionômero de vidro convencional (CIV) modificado com microfibras de celulose (CIV+MC) ou nanocristais de celulose (CIV+NC) através da implantação de três amostras em tecido subcutâneo na região dorsal de 15 ratos Rattus norvegicus albinus. Cada rato recebeu um exemplar de cada cimento, resultando nos seguintes grupos (n=15): Grupo CIV (controle, n=15), Grupo CIV+MC e Grupo CIV+NC. Nos intervalos de 7, 30 e 60 dias os animais foram sacrificados e os seguintes aspectos foram avaliados histologicamente: tipo de células inflamatórias, fibroblastos, vasos sanguíneos, macrófagos, células gigantes, tipo de reação inflamatória e espessura da cápsula (µm). Estes eventos foram quantitativamente classificados conforme os escores: (-) ausente, (+) suave, (++) moderado e (+++) intenso. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo teste Kruskal-Wallis e pós-teste Mann-Whitney. Aos 7 dias, o Grupo CIV+NC demonstrou um nível mais elevado de reparação tecidual porque havia maior quantidade de fibroblastos (p=0,022) e uma menor quantidade de macrófagos (p=0,008) e células mononucleares (p=0,033). Neutrófilos e células gigantes estavam ausentes em todos os períodos experimentais. Aos 60 dias, o Grupo CIV+NC apresentou cápsula de tecido fibroso com espessura mais reduzida (26,72±2,87 µm) em comparação ao Grupo CIV+MC (41,21±3,98 µm (p=0,025). No geral, todos os materiais apresentaram satisfatória biocompatibilidade, no entanto, o cimento de ionômero de vidro modificado com nanocristais de celulose proveu reparação tecidual mais avançada comparativamente aos demais materiais avaliados.

Developing new restorative materials should avoid damage to tissue structures. This study evaluated the biocompatibility of a commercial dental glass ionomer cement (GIC) mechanically reinforced with cellulose microfibers (GIC+CM) or cellulose nanocrystals (GIC+CN) by implantation of three test specimens in subcutaneous tissue in the dorsal region of 15 Rattus norvegicus albinus rats. Each rat received one specimen of each cement, resulting in the following groups (n=15): Group GIC (Control), Group GIC+CM and Group GIC+NC. After time intervals of 7, 30 and 60 days, the animals were sacrificed and the following aspects were histologically evaluated: type of inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, blood vessels, macrophages, giant cells, type of inflammatory reaction and capsule thickness (µm). These events were scored as (-) absent, (+) light, (++) moderate and (+++) intense. The results were statistically analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney post test. At 7 days, Group GIC+NC showed more favorable tissue repair because quantitatively there were more fibroblasts (p=0.022), fewer macrophages (p=0.008) and mononuclear cells (p=0.033). Polymorphonuclear neutrophils and giant cells were absent in all experimental periods. At 60 days, test specimens in Group GIC+NC were surrounded by a fibrous tissue capsule with reduced thickness (26.72±2.87 µm) in comparison with Group GIC+CM (41.21±3.98 µm) (p=0.025). In general, all biomaterials showed satisfactory biocompatibility, but glass ionomer cement modified with cellulose nanocrystals showed a more advanced tissue repair.

Resumo Os solos leves ocupam cerca de 8% do território brasileiro e são epecialmente expressivos na nova e na última fronteira agrícola do país: a região de Matopiba, nos estados do Maranhão, do Tocantins, do Piauí e da Bahia, onde representam 20% da área. Esses solos enquadram-se nas classes texturais areia e areia franca ou francoarenosa, até a profundidade de 0,75 m ou mais, e são representados principalmente pelos Neossolos Quartzarênicos e, em parte, por Latossolos e Argissolos. O entendimento do funcionamento desses solos depende do estabelecimento de critérios distintivos sobre: dinâmica da matéria orgânica; teor e mineralogia da fração argila; teores de areia grossa e de areia total, em relação aos de areia fina; diâmetro médio da fração areia; e capacidade de retenção de água. Esses critérios podem contribuir para o zoneamento e para o manejo conservacionista e da fertilidade dos solos leves, bem como para estimação de seu potencial agrícola. Sistemas integrados de produção, como os de integração lavoura-pecuária e lavoura-pecuária-floresta, além do plantio direto com rotação de culturas, dos plantios florestais mistos com espécies leguminosas, e do uso de adubos verdes e cultivos de cobertura, são relevantes para o manejo adequado desses solos. O objetivo deste artigo de revisão foi caracterizar os solos leves e apontar os principais desafios em relação a seu potencial agrícola, a seu manejo e conservação e sua fertilidade, frente à expansão e à consolidação da nova fronteira agrícola.

Abstract Light soils occupy 8% of the Brazilian territory and are especially expressive in the new and last agricultural frontier in Brazil: the Matopiba region - in the states of Maranhão, Tocantins, Piauí, and Bahia -, where they represent 20% of the area. These soils fit into the textural classes of sand and loamy sand or sandy loam, down to 0.75-m soil depth or deeper, and they are mainly represented by Neossolos Quartzarênicos (Quartzipsamments) and, partly, by Latossolos (Oxisols) and Argissolos (Ultisols). The understanding of soil functioning depends on the establishment of distinguishing criteria for: organic matter dynamics; content and mineralogy of the clay fraction; coarse sand and total sand contents, in relation to those of fine sand; mean diameter of the sand fraction; and water retention capacity. These criteria can contribute for the zoning and for the conservation and fertility management of light soils, as well as for the estimation of their agricultural potential. Integrated production systems, such as crop-livestock and crop-livestock-forestry integration, besides no-tillage with crop rotation, mixed forestry planting with legumes, and the use of green manure and cover crops are relevant for the proper management of these soils. The objective of this review was to characterize light soils and to highlight the main challenges regarding their agricultural potential and their conservation and fertility managements, in face of the expansion and consolidation of the new Brazilian agricultural frontier.

Resumo Dentre os crocodilianos brasileiros, Caiman crocodilus crocodilus apresenta ampla distribuição, haja vista sua adaptação a habitats diversificados e sua dieta generalista. Informações de caráter etológico e reprodutivo acerca desta espécie são abundantes, enquanto dados morfológicos são ainda escassos. Objetivou-se identificar e relatar os músculos e suas origens e inserções nos segmentos da cintura e membro torácico de C. crocodilus crocodilus. No estudo, foram utilizados dois exemplares machos, adultos, pertencentes ao acervo da UFG - Jataí. Para isto utilizaram-se métodos usuais em dissecação e posteriormente os músculos foram individualizados, descritos e sua origem e inserção determinadas. A musculatura de C. crocodilus crocodilus é conservativa, sendo similar a C. latirostris e A. mississippiensis. Os músculos da cintura peitoral apresentaram uma pequena variação dentre os crocodilianos avaliados. No membro torácico, o tríceps possui cinco ventres distintos e o bíceps apenas um. O grupo de flexores e extensores da região do ante-braço apresenta topografia similar aquela descrita para A. mississippiensis. Algumas diferenças na origem, inserção, classificação e topografia de alguns músculos flexores e extensores foram descritas. O segmento distal do membro apresentou mais variação, o que provavelmente reflete diferenças no padrão locomotor entre os crocodilianos.

Abstract Among the Brazilian crocodilian, Caiman crocodilus crocodilus is widely distributed, given its adaptation to diverse habitats and their generalist diet. Information about the reproductive and ethological character of this species is abundant, whereas morphological data are still scarce. This study aimed to identify and report the muscles and their origin and the insertion into the pectoral and forelimb of C. crocodilus crocodilus. We used two male specimens, adults, belonging to the collection of the UFG - Jataí. We performed usual procedures for dissection and further individualization, withdrawal of members, and observation of muscle origins and insertions. The musculature of C. crocodilus crocodilus generally conservative is similar to C. latirostris and A. mississippiensis. The muscles of the pectoral girdle showed little variation among crocodilians. In the forelimb, the triceps muscle has five distinct heads and biceps has only one. The extensor and flexor surface of the hand showed similar topography to A. mississippiensis. We described some differences in the origin and insertion of certain muscles, as well as the classification and topography of some flexor and extensor muscles in the forearm segment. The distal segments showed more variations, which probably reflects the variety of locomotor habits among crocodilians.